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Scott Genung |
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Manager of Networking Systems |
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Illinois State University |
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Introduction |
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Products and Technologies |
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Protocol
Suites |
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Enabling
Services |
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The
Enterprise Network Model |
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An
Overview of ISUnet |
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The
Future of ISUnet |
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Conclusion |
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Scott Genung |
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Manager of Networking Systems |
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became involved in ISUnet in 1989 |
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senior network engineer since 1991 |
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IEEE member since 1997 |
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BS in ACS at Illinois State University |
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currently working on MS |
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Networking Systems |
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1 of 4 groups in Telecommunications |
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responsible for all electronics within LAN, CAN,
WAN, RAS (with a few minor exceptions) in over 250 closets |
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also responsible for many supporting services
such as DNS, DHCP as well as network management systems and databases |
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6 full time network engineers |
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OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) |
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developed by ISO (International Standards
Organization) |
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describes concept of layered protocols |
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most protocol suites do not have 7 layers |
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important to understand general concepts at each
layer |
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layer 7
- Application |
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layer 6
- Presentation |
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layer 5
- Session |
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layer 4
- Transport |
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layer 3
- Network |
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layer 2
- DLC |
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layer 1
- Physical |
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EIA/TIA |
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develops standards that describes how physical
communications infrastructure should be constructed |
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568 standard |
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signal regeneration |
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phase jitter |
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encoding (bit mapping) |
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Manchester |
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NRZI (Non-Return to Zero Inverted) |
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amplifiers (analog) |
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repeaters (digital) |
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media converters |
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10Base5 (thicknet) AUI |
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10Base2 (thinnet) |
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10BaseT (UTP) |
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MII |
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100BaseT |
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100BaseF |
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STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) |
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types |
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ICS (IBM Cabling System) |
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STP-A (enhanced) |
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connectors |
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UDC (rated at 30Mhz) |
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EDC (rated at 100Mhz+) |
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issues |
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conduit fill |
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2 pair (application sensitive) |
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UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) |
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categories |
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category 1 - POTS |
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category 2 - digital |
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category 3 - 10BaseT ethernet, 4Mbs token ring |
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category 4 - 16Mbs token ring (now gone) |
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category 5 - fast ethernet (100Mhz @ 100M) |
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category 5e - (soon to be ratified) |
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category 6 - (proposed) gigabit ethernet |
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connectors |
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RJ45 (8 conductor), RJ11 (2-4 conductor) |
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MMF (multi-mode fiber) |
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media |
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50 micron, 62.5 micron |
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short range (850nm, 1300nm up to 2Km) |
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connectors |
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ST (round), SC (square) |
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VF-45 (RJ-45 in shape), MTRJ (smaller SC) |
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light source |
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LED, VCSL light source |
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SMF (single-mode fiber) |
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media |
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8 micron |
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long range (1350nm, 1500nm up to 40Km) |
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connectors |
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SC (square) |
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light source |
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laser |
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DWDM (Dense Wave Division Multiplexing) |
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roaming |
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uninterrupted mobility between multiple areas of
wireless service |
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cellular |
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low speed (typically 19.2Kb/s) |
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outdoor |
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IR (infrared) |
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line of sight |
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outdoor or indoor |
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RF (radio frequency) |
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900Mhz (licensed) |
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2.5Ghz (unlicensed) |
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1Mbs to 100Mbs |
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speed is directly proportional to line of sight |
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DLC (Data Link Control) |
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MAC (Medium Access Control) |
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LLC (Logical Link Control) |
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purpose |
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define means for how device gains access to
network |
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architectures |
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ethernet (DIX v2, IEEE 802.3) |
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token ring (IBM, IEEE 802.5) |
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FDDI (ANSI) |
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11Mb/s wireless (IEEE 802.11B) |
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MAC address (hardware) |
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access methods |
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CSMA/CD (ethernet) |
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CSMA/CA (localtalk, wireless) |
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token passing (token ring, FDDI) |
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access domain |
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collision |
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contention |
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variable length frames |
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hardware |
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hubs (shared media) |
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concentrators (shared media, TDM) |
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purpose |
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provide means for station discovery |
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layer 2 routing |
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defined by IEEE 802.2 standard |
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services |
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type 1: connectionless |
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sender does not know the state of the receiver |
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type 2: connection oriented |
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sender coordinates state with receiver |
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techniques |
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transparent (learning bridge) |
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source-route (route discovery) |
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translational (hybrid) |
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loop detection |
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spanning tree (IEEE 802.1d) |
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bridge |
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store and forward |
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CRC checksum performed at each interface |
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2 port |
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transparent, source-route, translational |
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moderate latency |
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segmentation by collision domain |
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(layer 2) switch |
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ACTR (Adaptive Cut Through Routing) |
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CRC checksum performed at destination |
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multiport (backplane oversubscription) |
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ASIC based for wire speed (minimal latency) |
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transparent, source-route |
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port based segmentation |
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vLAN (Virtual LAN) |
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IEEE 802.1q |
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broadcast domain |
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layer 2 broadcast |
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explorers, global advertisement |
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purpose |
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interconnect broadcast domains using routers or
layer 3 switches (increases scalability) |
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create path between broadcast domains |
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dynamic routing protocols |
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static routes |
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navigate path between broadcast domains |
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router |
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store and forward |
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CRC checksum performed at each interface |
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multiport |
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topological mix |
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ex: ethernet, FDDI, frame relay, and so on |
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protocol specific (ex: IP, IPX, AppleTalk, etc) |
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packet-by-packet (next hop) routing |
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high latency |
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layer 3 switch |
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combination layer 2 switch and routing engine |
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CTR |
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flow caching |
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CRC checksum at destination |
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ASIC based for near or wire speed |
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minimal latency |
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inter-vLAN routing |
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based upon tags |
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purpose |
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recovery |
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flow |
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load balancing |
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QoS (Quality of Service) examples |
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IP TOS (Type of Service) prioritization |
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TCP rate control |
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hardware |
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layer 4 switch |
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circuit |
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established path between sender and receiver |
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resources guaranteed during session |
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PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) |
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VC |
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PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) |
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SVC (Switched Virtual Circuit) |
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frame relay |
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multiple VCs per physical circuit |
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each VC has set of attributes |
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CIR (Committed Information Rate) - guaranteed
rate of service |
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burst rates - maximum rate of service |
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oversubscription |
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56K to T3 |
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ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) |
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based upon ITU standards |
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multiple VCs per physical circuit |
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fixed length cells (53 bytes) for predictability |
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service classes (CBR, ABR, VBR, UBR) |
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LANE (LAN Emulation) |
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emulate packet switched network |
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LEC - member of eLAN by VC |
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LES/BUS - MAC to ATM |
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LECS - LES/BUS server list for each eLAN |
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typically based upon SONET |
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SONET (SDH) |
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OC-3 (155Mb/s over UTP, MMF, SMF) |
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OC-12 (622Mb/s over MMF, SMF) |
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OC-48 (1.2Gb/s over SMF) |
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OC-192 (4.8Gb/s over SMF) |
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synonymous with the Internet |
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IP (Internet Protocol) |
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network layer |
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32 bit address space |
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class A = 8 bits for network + 24 bits for host |
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class B = 16 bits for network + 16 bits for host |
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class C = 24 bits for network + 8 bits for host |
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class D = reserved for local multicast |
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subnet mask |
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defines size of network |
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determines when traffic must be routed |
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ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) |
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network layer |
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resolves layer 3 address to layer 2 MAC address
through broadcast explorer |
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ICMP (Internet Control Management Protocol) |
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network layer |
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can be used to pass flow information between
source and destination (ex: redirects, source quench, etc) |
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TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) |
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transport layer |
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acknowledged |
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sliding window |
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layer 4 recovery for packet loss or out of
sequence |
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UDP (Unnumbered Datagram Protocol) |
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transport layer |
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unacknowledged |
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application must recover |
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unicast routing |
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IGP (ex: RIP, OSPF, IGRP, EIGRP, IS-IS) |
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EGP (ex: BGP) |
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static |
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multicast routing |
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IGP (ex: MOSPF, PIM) |
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EGP (ex: DVMRP, MBGP) |
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to route or not to route |
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compare source IP address to destination |
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use subnet mask to determine if destination is
local |
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if not local, send packet to gateway |
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if local, direct to destination using unicast |
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synonymous with Microsoft networking |
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codeveloped with IBM |
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session oriented |
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named pipes (ex: \\hostname\sharename) |
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NetBIOS over NetBEUI |
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layer 2 broadcast |
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non-routable |
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NetBIOS over IP |
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WINS resolves NetBIOS name to IP address |
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SNA (Systems Network Architecture) |
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synonymous with IBM mainframe networks |
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session oriented |
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PU (Physical Unit) |
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unit of communication between controller,
gateway, or emulator and host |
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LU (Logical Unit) |
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individual session of a given PU |
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synonymous with Macintosh networking |
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dynamic layer 3 address |
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cable-range |
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zones (Chooser) |
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routable |
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IPX (Internet Packet eXchange) |
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synonymous with Novell Netware |
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layer 3 address is equivalent to layer 2 |
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network numbers |
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multiple encapsulation types |
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routable |
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servers are also routers |
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SAP (Service Advertisement Protocol) |
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DNS (Domain Name Server) |
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resolves Internet hostnames to IP addresses |
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ex: www.ilstu.edu resolves to 138.87.4.3 |
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domain hierarchy |
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.edu, .com, .net, .org, etc. |
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parent DNS servers |
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conventions |
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host.zone.domain |
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registration |
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predefined
static hostname |
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DDNS (Dynamic DNS) |
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replication |
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cached queries |
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SOA expirations |
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zone transfers |
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WINS (Windows Internet Name Server) |
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resolve NetBIOS name to IP address |
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registration |
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client registers NetBIOS name at boot |
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replication |
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registered NetBIOS names are replicated with
other trusted WINS servers |
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DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) |
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servers an IP address, mask, gateway, and DNS
servers to a requesting client |
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can also serve WINS servers |
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scope |
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a group of addresses from a defined space that
are eligible to be served to requesting clients |
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relays |
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redirects DHCP request to DHCP server(s) |
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LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) |
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directory database that stores information about
a given object class (ie: people, places, things, etc) |
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schema |
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structure of record |
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dynamic |
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replication |
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master server updates directory on slave for
every change made on an LDAP record |
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TACACS |
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Terminal Access Control Access Control Server |
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RADIUS |
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Remote Authentication In User Dial Service |
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enhanced user logging |
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SNMP management |
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MIB (Management Information Base) |
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states, events |
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RMON (Remote MONitoring) |
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statistics |
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groups |
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provides access to end user |
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horizontal cabling plant |
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copper: UTP, STP |
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technologies |
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ethernet (switched, fast ethernet, gigabit
ethernet) |
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token ring |
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wireless |
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access products |
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hub, concentrator |
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workgroup (layer 2) switch |
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WAP (Wireless Access Point) |
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speed sensing |
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10/100/1000 ethernet |
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uplink aggregation |
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fast ethernet |
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gigabit ethernet |
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inverse multiplexing (ex: fast etherchannel) |
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switch and route among multiple LANs |
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vertical cabling (risers) |
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MMF |
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outside premise cabling |
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MMF, SMF |
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technologies |
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ATM (OC-3, OC-12) |
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ethernet (fast ethernet, gigabit ethernet) |
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FDDI |
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products |
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routers |
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layer 2 aggregation switches |
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layer 3 switch (edge, distribution) |
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layer 4 switch |
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used to interconnect enterprise networks |
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common LATA (Local Area Telephone Access)
boundary |
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LEC (Local Exchange Carrier) |
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technologies |
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FDDI |
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ATM or SONET (SDH) (OC-3 to OC-192) |
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leased circuit (fractional, 56K, T1, T3) |
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frame relay |
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LEC (Local Exchange Carrier) |
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services a given LATA |
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IXC (Internetwork eXchange Carrier) |
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provides connectivity between LATAs |
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technologies |
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leased circuit (fractional, 56K, T1, T3) |
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frame relay |
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ATM or SONET |
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analog dialup system |
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access concentrator |
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modems (V.90, K56Flex, X2) |
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channelized T1, T3, PRI to backhaul calls (DS0) |
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terminal emulation, SLIP, PPP |
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authentication |
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ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) |
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speeds range from 64Kb/s up to 8Mbs |
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downlink faster than uplink |
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terminate PVCs in router |
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DSLAM (DSL concentrator) |
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ATM or frame relay as transport |
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modems (G.Lite, DMT, CAP) |
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cable |
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10Mb/s shared |
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bi-directional cable plant |
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modems |
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hybrid satellite |
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satellite transmission downlink |
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analog dialup uplink |
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wireless Internet |
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demographics |
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70 buildings |
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20,000 students |
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3,500 faculty and staff |
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volume |
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11,000 nodes by 1/2000 |
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55% switched ethernet |
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40% token ring (shared media) |
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5% fast ethernet or gigabit ethernet |
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30% growth over previous year |
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migration |
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token ring to switched ethernet |
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phaseout of token ring with 2 years |
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fast ethernet server farms |
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class B address space (IPv4) |
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138.87.0.0 |
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24 bit subnet mask |
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cabling |
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60% of existing cabling is STP |
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original campus cabling standard from late 80’s |
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35% of existing cabling is UTP-5 |
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campus standard since 1/1996 |
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5% is other (UTP-3) |
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workgroup token ring |
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40 station contention domains |
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around 200 segments campuswide |
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being phased out |
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token ring products |
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Madge CAU/LAM |
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up to 4 LAM (UTP or STP) |
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up to 80 shared media ports |
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Madge RAM/LAM |
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RAM has integrated LAM |
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up to 2 LAM (UTP or STP) |
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up to 60 shared media ports |
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workgroup ethernet |
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switched ethernet to the desktop |
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fast ethernet server farms |
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FDX fast ethernet, fast etherchannel, and
gigabit ethernet uplinks |
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around 250 ethernet switches campus wide |
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switched ethernet products |
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Cisco Catalyst 1924 (~60) |
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fast etherchannel uplink |
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Cisco Catalyst 5500 series (~55) |
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4-11 modular slots depending upon model |
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Cisco Catalyst 2924 (~85) |
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24 ports of switched 10/100 |
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Cisco Catalyst 4000 series (~40) |
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2-5 slots depending upon model |
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48 port 10/100 modules |
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gigabit modules |
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concentrator |
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CoreBuilder 5000 (~5) |
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6-20 modular slots |
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token ring |
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ethernet (shared media) |
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TDM backplane |
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group switches |
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aggregate workgroup hubs and switches |
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products |
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Madge Ringswitch |
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token ring |
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up to 8 ports UTP or STP |
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FDDI |
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Cisco Catalyst 5500 series |
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fast etherchannel |
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gigabit ethernet (GBIC) |
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token ring (UTP of MMF-VF45) |
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vLAN trunking (ISL, 802.1q) |
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ATM core layout |
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4 switching centers |
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OC-12 (622Mb/s) mesh (SMF) |
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ATM switch product |
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Cisco Catalyst 8540 |
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2 route processors |
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3 switch processors |
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8 modular slots |
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20Gb/s backplane |
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edge switch configuration |
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13 switching centers |
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VTP |
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vLAN distribution |
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ISL trunking for token ring, 802.1q for ethernet |
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server at each edge |
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edge switch configuration (continued) |
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layer 2 switching |
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access and group switch aggregation |
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layer 3 switching |
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inter-vLAN routing |
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OSPF (MD5 encryption) |
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PIM (multicast) |
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IPX RIP |
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RTMP |
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edge switch configuration (continued) |
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LANE (LAN Emulation) |
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2 emulated LANs |
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LES/BUS at 2 switching centers |
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each switch dual homed (primary and secondary) |
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edge switch product |
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Cisco Catalyst 5500 series |
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RSM (Route Switch Module) |
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fast etherchannel line cards |
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gigabit ethernet line cards |
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dual port OC-12 LANE card |
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3.6Gb/s backplane |
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legacy core |
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designed to support token ring |
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8 fiber rings |
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building router interfaces to building network |
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75% desktops serviced by new core |
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expect to complete migration of building
networks from old core to new core by the end of 2000 |
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edge router configuration |
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2 high end routers (colocated in two ATM
switching centers) |
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OC-3 interface into ATM core |
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FDDI network for redirecting traffic between
edge routers |
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LECS database (LES/BUS server list) |
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NAT (Network Address Translation) |
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ACL (Access Control List) |
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edge router product |
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Cisco 7507 router |
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Internet connectivity |
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frame relay |
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GTE (BBN Planet) |
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21Mb/s burst rate |
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10.5Mb/s CIR |
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3/2000 4-8Mb/s average |
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ATM |
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ICN (Illinois Century Network) |
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UBR (7.5Mb/s soft limit) |
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3/2000 3-6Mb/s average |
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local connectivity |
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SDSL |
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PairGain T1 modems |
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ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) |
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GTE is service provider |
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University is ISP (DHCP) |
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speeds range from 768Kbs/128Kbs to 1.5Mbs/384Kbs |
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residential subscribers (200+ active) |
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remote networks (ex: greek houses) |
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peering with other ISPs (ie: apartment
complexes) |
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subscribers backhauled over DS-3 |
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dialup system configuration |
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“56K” |
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V.90 (ITU) |
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K56Flex (Rockwell chipset) |
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channelized circuits |
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T1 = 24 * DS0 |
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PRI = 26 B channels |
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DNIS |
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virtual grouping of channels |
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sourced by number dialed |
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dialup system pools |
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438-8210 |
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off campus callers |
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284 channels |
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12 T1 circuits from GTE CO in Normal |
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6 hour connection limit |
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spill to 8-8210 when full |
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8-8210 |
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on campus callers |
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235 channels |
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10 T1 circuits from campus PBX |
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6 hour connection limit |
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dialup system pools |
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438-8200 |
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off campus callers |
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48 channels |
|
2 T1 circuits from GTE CO in Normal |
|
30 minute connection limit |
|
spill to 8-8200 when full |
|
8-8200 |
|
on campus callers |
|
75 channels |
|
3 PRI circuits from campus PBX |
|
30 minute connection limit |
|
|
|
|
|
|
dialup system product |
|
Cisco AS5800 |
|
12 port T1/PRI modules |
|
144 port modem cards |
|
Cisco 7206 |
|
PPP |
|
Cisco Catalyst 2908 |
|
fast ethernet connectivity for 7206 |
|
dual homed to edge routers |
|
|
|
|
|
dialup system statistics |
|
20,000 calls serviced daily |
|
500,000+ calls serviced monthly |
|
2.5 million calls serviced per semester |
|
authentication |
|
primary and secondary LDAP/RADIUS authentication
servers |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ADSL (on campus) configuration |
|
connectivity for buildings not serviced by fiber |
|
ADSL product |
|
Cisco 6130 |
|
DMT quad cards |
|
ATM OC-3 |
|
Cisco 7206 |
|
front-end 6130 |
|
|
|
|
|
DNS (Domain Name Server) |
|
hidden primary (not even InterNIC knows) |
|
4 secondary servers co-located at ATM switching
centers |
|
WINS |
|
6 servers co-located in edge switching centers |
|
full replication |
|
DHCP |
|
2 servers located in ATM switching centers |
|
web based authentication (LDAP) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
access technologies (LAN) |
|
fast ethernet to the desk becomes standard
connectivity for the desktop |
|
need to continue to displace STP with UTP-5 or
better |
|
fast ethernet or gigabit ethernet becomes
standard for servers |
|
switched ethernet remains viable |
|
token ring connectivity disappears |
|
wireless access |
|
service mobility needs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
residence hall networks |
|
switched ethernet to the desk |
|
port per pillow |
|
7,500 students reside on campus |
|
5 complexes |
|
6 halls currently wired |
|
7 halls left to be wired |
|
|
|
|
|
|
core network (CAN) |
|
OC-48 ATM vs 10 gigabit ethernet |
|
native QOS (end-to-end) |
|
IP TOS vs ethernet COS vs ATM service class |
|
gigabit etherchannel aggregated uplinks |
|
wire speed layer 3 (edge) and layer 4 switches |
|
IPv6 |
|
128 bit address space |
|
gateway support with IPv4 |
|
DWDM in the enterprise |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
WAN |
|
expand connectivity to ICN |
|
upgrade from 7.5Mb/s to DS-3 over ATM |
|
increase peering relationships with other ISPs |
|
introduction of rate shaping technologies |
|
control flow by application |
|
Internet2 connectivity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
remote access |
|
ADSL |
|
encourage all users to adopt ADSL as preferred
from of remote connectivity |
|
offer enhanced speeds where available |
|
cable |
|
pilot, test, and introduce cable modem access as
alternative to ADSL |
|
peer with cable service provider |
|
analog dialup |
|
still important into the indefinite future
because of limited penetration of newer technologies |
|
|
|
|
|
|
services |
|
DNS |
|
implement restricted DDNS |
|
VMPS (vLAN Management Policy Server) |
|
MAC address to default vLAN table |
|
authentication process |
|
static or dynamic addressing |
|
DHCP |
|
integrate web based authentication to VMPS
registration |
|
directory services |
|
ADS with Windows 2000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
voice integration |
|
CTI (Computer Telephony Integration) |
|
CES (Circuit Emulation Services) |
|
PBX integration |
|
video integration |
|
H.323 desktop video over IP |
|
H.320 video gateway |
|
network attached video switch (MCU) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
continued movement towards mainstream ethernet
technologies |
|
switched 10BaseT, 100BaseT, 1000BaseT |
|
support evolutionary application changes |
|
enhance scalability of ISUnet to support
subsequent growth |
|
introduce services that aid in enhancing the
management of network resources |
|
QoS |
|
|
|
|
enhance survivability of ISUnet to respond to
increased dependence levels |
|
greater flexibility for future technology
integration |
|
positioned for network and application
convergence (voice, video, data) |
|
positioned for next generation Internet (I2) |
|
|
|
|
|
Scott Genung |
|
Manager of Networking Systems |
|
sagenung@ilstu.edu |
|
Notes